Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Mat 201 Module 1 Essay Example

Mat 201 Module 1 Essay TUI THOMAS J. COBB MAT 201 Module 1 – Case Assignment Dr. Alfred Basta Mat 201 Module 1-Case Assignment Thomas J. Cobb 1. Suppose you have 4 nickels, 6 dimes, and 4 quarters in your pocket. If you draw a coin randomly from your pocket, what is the probability that: a. You will draw a nickel? The probability of someone drawing a dime would be 4/11 or 36%. b. You will draw a dime? The probability of some drawing a nickel would be 6/11 or 54% c. You will draw a quarter? The probability of someone drawing a quarter would be 4/11 or 36% 2. You are rolling a pair of dice, one red and one green. What is the probability of the following outcomes: a. The sum of the two numbers you roll from the dice is 11. There are 2 possible outcomes. 5,6/6,5 b. The sum of the two numbers you roll is 6. There are 5 possible outcomes. 1,5/5,1/ 3,3/4,2/2,4 c. The sum of the two numbers you roll is 5. There are 4 possible outcomes. ,4/4,1 /3,2/2,3 3. A glass jar contains 6 red, 5 green, 8 blue, and 3 yellow marbles. If a single marble is chosen at random from the jar, what is the probability of choosing a red marble? a green marble? a blue marble? a yellow marble? a. The red marble would have a 6/22 or 27% chance of being drawn. b. The green marble would have a 5/22 or 23% chance of being drawn. c. The blue marble would have an 8/22 or 36% chance of being drawn. d. The yellow marble would have a 3/22 or 14% chance of being drawn. We will write a custom essay sample on Mat 201 Module 1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mat 201 Module 1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mat 201 Module 1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Sunday, November 24, 2019

What Is Vancouver Referencing

What Is Vancouver Referencing What Is Vancouver Referencing? Vancouver is the most populous city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is ethnically diverse, known for its high quality of life, and nicknamed â€Å"Hollywood North† for its connections to the Canadian film industry. It is also the home of Vancouver referencing. Well, sort of. In this post, we’ll look at the basics of Vancouver referencing. This will include how to cite sources, reference lists and bibliographies, and why it is called â€Å"Vancouver† referencing in the first place. What Is Vancouver Referencing? Vancouver referencing is so called because of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, who met in Vancouver to agree on a referencing style for all biomedical journals. They decided on an â€Å"author–number† system. This uses numbered citations to point to entries in a reference list, where the author and text are named. However, Vancouver is not a â€Å"system† in the strict sense. Instead, it is a reference style with several variations (e.g., style of punctuation and use of italics). As such, if your school or publisher suggests using Vancouver referencing, make sure to check your style guide carefully. Citations in Vancouver As mentioned above, Vancouver uses numbers to point to an entry in the reference list. The exact format for citing a source can vary, but this usually involves parentheses (1), square brackets [2], or superscript numbers.3 If the author is named in the text, the citation usually comes after their name. If not, the citation goes at the end of the relevant passage. For instance: According to Smith (1), X is Y. However, some studies disagree (2). Each number refers to a different source, with sources numbered in the order they are first cited. If you then cite the same source again, simply repeat the number you used the first time. Advanced Citations As well as basic citations, you can cite more than one source at a time by including more than one number. And if you quote a source, you should also include page numbers: If X truly is Y (1, 3-5), then â€Å"Y must also be X† (6: p. 24). For example, with the first citation above, the author is citing sources 1, 3, 4, and 5 from their reference list. With the second citation, they are citing page 24 of the sixth source in the list. The Reference List Like with citations, the format of a Vancouver reference list will depend on the version of the system used. However, they all have two things in common: Sources are listed in the order they are first cited in your document. All references should include enough information for the reader to find the source used. A reference for a book, for example, might look like this: (1) Smith A. X and Y: A Study of Similarity. New York: PI Publications; 2012. The number at the start matches the citation in the main text. After that, we have the author’s name, the title of the book, and the publication details. This level of detail will usually suffice. Reference List or Bibliography? Some versions of Vancouver distinguish between a â€Å"reference list† and a â€Å"bibliography.† Usually, the reference list is only cited sources, while a bibliography may include additional reading. This terminology can vary, though, and which you need will depend on the version of Vancouver used. This, again, makes it wise to check your style guide if you’re unsure how to proceed. But as long as you’re clear and consistent in how you cite sources in your work, you’ll be on the right track! And if you’d   like someone to check the referencing in your work, let us know.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Human Resource Management Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Human Resource Management Report - Essay Example different through the accumulation of relevant information and data; and (4) to write up the report in a way which relates evidence to theory, to provide an appropriate analysis and explanation of the situation described. The case of St. Luke’s Medical Center is hereby proffered to comply with the abovementioned requirements. People constitute an organization’s most important and vital factor in its success or failure. In order to function efficiently and effectively, people must be managed well. Human resources management is the art and science of dealing with people at work for the optimum achievement of individual, organization and society’s goals. While general management is the orchestration of all the resources, human resource management is limited to people management – their motivation, acquisition, maintenance and development. Human resources management solely involves man. Through and by men, the other m’s are acquired and utilized. The quality and utilization of the rest of the resources are almost always affected by decisions about and by human resources. Indeed, the accomplishment of the goals of an organization depends upon the availability and utilization of all these ingredients, the interaction of which, are people-caused. Due to the intricate and diverse characteristics, personalities, values, and preferences of people in the organization, it is only natural that problems on human behavior in organization exist. In this regard, this case report is written to address the following objectives, to wit: (1) ) to identify some HR situation which appears to be amenable to analysis using the course material wherein the situation must be sufficiently complex to generate enough material for the writing of a case which meets the indicated specifications; (2) to consider the concepts and general ideas discussed in class, and see which help make sense of the situation being described; (3) to engage in research activity which allows you to test

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

San Francisco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

San Francisco - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Ishi belonged to the Yana tribe who lived in the southern region of the Mount Lassen foothills of Northern California. They lived a peaceful life of hunters-gatherers as the hills and mountains were bountiful hunting grounds for their food sources. However, as time passed by, the Yana became the victims of the powerful Winton, who drove them from their homes because they desired the fertile valleys of the Sacramento region. Though they were isolated, they were resilient and fierce fighters who terrorized their enemies especially the Winton. When the white settlers arrived, their perception was influenced by the Wintus stating that the Yanas were dangerous and had to be eradicated from the area. It was during this critical period that Ishi was born. From his childhood, Ishi had lived his life in fear and was always on the run. He had witnessed the systematic annihilation of his tribesmen and as his world grew smaller and smaller he bega n to struggle for survival. During the 1840’s, the Anglo- Saxon era was ushered in and with it a misfortune for the Yana tribe. Gold found in the river beds of California and the exchange of land claims saw the tragic wiping out of the Yana tribe. Immigrant people flushed out the Yana tribe by hunting, land staking and livestock pastures. Hunger took its toll on the population of the Yana tribe that plummeted down. None of Ishi’s Yana tribe was believed to have survived.... He was discovered on 29th August, 1911 and he was taken into custody by the Sheriff. Ishi was highly traumatized and almost dead and was put in a cell. Professors Waterman and Kroeber took charge of Ishi and kept him at the university’s museum and with great difficulty they managed to communicate with him by learning the Yahi language. Ishi too learned all about life in 20th century America. In the present day scenario, with the advent of globalization, many cultures are being lost or wiped out akin to what happened to the Yana tribe. In our contemporary world even with the great advancement of Science and Technology, we still experience the power of greed and unrest which take its toll on those who are most unfortunate. 3 2)Critically discuss the World’s Fair (California Mid – Winter International Exposition) of 1894. Cite specific examples of how we can think critically about this fair (e.g. commodification, race, gender, modernity, nature, etc.)Â   Michael Ha rry of San Francisco announced that he had plans to open the California Mid-Winter Fair in January 1894 in San Francisco. The local citizens were committed to the cause of the project and contributed around $41,500. The chief purpose of this fair was to promote trade, real estate and investment opportunities between California and people from other races and countries. Barbara Berglund in her book titled ‘Making San Francisco American,’ sheds light on San Francisco’s rapid evolution from the much earlier chaotic times to becoming a prized jewel of America’s western empire. She specifically points to the nascent elite’s efforts to bring about social order through cultural and political means. (Barbara Berglund, 2007) The chief idea

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Psychological Testing and Assessment of Adolescents Paper Research

Psychological Testing and Assessment of Adolescents - Research Paper Example Some educators have used intelligence assessment results to separate slow learners from quick learners. The technique has been effective in moderating educational materials for the different learners, with slow learners having longer lessons and more learning materials. Extra learning materials enable slow learners opportunity to get information from different sources, which strengthen understanding. Assessments involving achievement tests have proved practical tools for shaping school curricula. Achievement tests for learners come at the end of a course or a given level of education. The assessments help in determining the level of accomplishment of students, and comparing the results with expectations in the outside social and economic spectra (Ployhart & MacKenzie, 2011). The outcomes of such assessments guide curricular planners to analyze relevance of certain educational items. Where assessment outcomes in achievement tests are low, then it becomes compulsory for curricular planners to refine educational contents to fit expectations. Assessments in education have also been useful in determining admission of students into learning institutions, and promoting learners to different levels of education. Common assessments are in the form of class tests, and term and yearly examinations. Educators also use assessments to measure the extents the extents of transfer of knowledge to learners. The undertaking is usually in the form of questions during learning, and checklists used to mark performance of students in various subject contents. According to Cohen, Swerdlik and Sturman (2013), measures of general achievement are techniques for surveying learning in more than one academic area. General achievement measures classify learning areas in certain broad subsets. The most common subsets are reading, arithmetic, spelling and comprehension reading. The subsets have a

Friday, November 15, 2019

MEMS: Comparison With Micro Electronics

MEMS: Comparison With Micro Electronics Micro Electro Mechanical Systems or MEMS is a term coined around 1989 by Prof. R. Howe and others to describe an emerging research, where mechanical elements, like cantilevers or membranes, had been manufactured at a scale more akin to microelectronics circuit than to lathe machining. But MEMS is not the only term used to describe this and from its multicultural origin it is also known as Micromachines, a term often used in Japan, or more broadly as Microsystem Technology (MST), in Europe. However, if the etymology of the word is more or less well known, the dictionaries are still mum about an exact definition. Actually, what could link an inkjet printer head, a video projector DLP system, a disposable bio-analysis chip and an airbag crash sensor yes, they are all MEMS, but what is MEMS? It appears that these devices share the presence of features below 100 micro metre that are not machined using standard machining but using other techniques globally called micro-fabrication technology. Of course, this simple definition would also include microelectronics, but there is a characteristic that electronic circuits do not share with MEMS. While electronic circuits are inherently solid and compact structures, MEMS have holes, cavity, channels, cantilevers, membranes, etc, and, in some way, imitate `mechanical parts. This has a direct impact on their manufacturing process. Actually, even when MEMS are based on silicon, microelectronics process needs to be adapted to cater for thicker layer deposition, deeper etching and to introduce special steps to free the mechanical structures. Then, many more MEMS are not based on silicon and can be manufactured in polymer, in glass, in quartz or even in metals [5, 6]. Thus, if similarities between MEMS and microelectronics exist, they now clearly are two distinct. Actually, MEMS needs a completely different set of mind, where next to electronics, mechanical and material knowledge plays a fundamental role. 1.2 MEMS technology The development of a MEMS component has a cost that should not be misevaluated but the technology has the possibility to bring unique benefits. The reasons that prompt the use of MEMS technology can be classified broadly in three classes: a) Miniaturization of existing devices, like for example the production of silicon based gyroscope which reduced existing devices weighting several kg and with a volume of 1000 cm3 to a chip of a few grams contained in a 0.5 cm3 package. b) Development of new devices based on principles that do not work at larger scale. A typical example is given by the biochips where electrical are use to pump the reactant around the chip. This so called electro-osmotic effect based on the existence of a drag force in the fluid works only in channels with dimension of a fraction of one mm, that is, at micro-scale. c) Development of new tools to interact with the micro-world. In 1986 H. Rohrer and G. Binnig at IBM were awarded the Nobel price in physics for their work on scanning tunneling microscope. This work heralded the development of a new class of microscopes (atomic force microscope, scanning near optical microscope) that shares the presence of micro machined sharp micro-tips with radius below 50 nm. This micro-tool was used to position atoms in complex arrangement, writing Chinese character or helping verify some prediction of quantum mechanics. Another example of this class of MEMS devices at a slightly larger scale would be the development of micro-grippers to handle cells for analysis. 2.Micromirrors 2.1 History of Micromirror : In recent years, deformable mirror devices (DMDs) have emerged as a new micro-electromechanical (MEM) technology with tremendous potential for future applications. As shown in Fig. 1-1, the concept of deformable mirrors was developed and utilized as early as 211 BC by Greek soldiers to destroy enemy ships [1]. 1 However, it was not until 1973 that serious development of micromirror devices began to emerge. Currently, several designs of deformable mirrors have been fabricated, some before a practical use had been identified. It is these devices that are now receiving serious attention as optical communication and related fields are expanding. 2.2 BACKGROUND Mirror devices are a specific type of spatial light modulator (SLM).Spatial light modulators are devices that can alter the phase, amplitude, and/or the direction of propagation of an incident beam of light. Deformable mirror devices do this by moving a reflective surface to achieve the desired effect. Currently, two distinct types of micro-mirrors are used [1]. Continuous surface devices use one large reflective membrane that is locally controlled by individual actuators to form a continuous reflective surface. Circus fun house mirrors are an example of such a device. Segmented devices, on the other hand, use a mirror surface that is divided into numerous individually controllable smaller mirrors. Greek soldiers used segmented mirrors to form a parabolic reflective surface which was used to focus sunlight onto enemy ships. 2 Segmented devices are used today in the formation of large parabolic mirrors. As shown in Figure 1-2, the primary mirror of many modern optical telescope systems is comprised of segmented deformable mirrors. In the past, the size-limiting factor in such systems has been the size of the primary mirror which had to be mechanically stable yet light enough to move to various positions throughout a full field of view. Larger mirrors were frequently damaged or caused damage to other components of the telescope when movement was attempted. With the application of segmented deformable mirror technology, the practical limit in telescopic primary mirror size can be extended since much lighter and smaller mirrors can be individually anchored, controlled, and placed adjacent to each other to form the necessary parabolic mirror. The segmented mirrors are not only placed at a slight angle to each other, but are shaped by the segmented actuators and are free to bend to form smaller parabolically curved surfaces. The segmented actuators are manipulated by the control electronics which receive information from the laser figure sensor and the edge computer which is then translated into a necessary change in the position or shape of the mirrors. These monitoring devices continually check the status of the segmented mirrors to maintain the parabolic form of the entire device and to ensure that no gaps or severe discontinuities are present in the surface of the primary mirror which would result in a distorted image or a loss in image resolution. The basic principles of this macroscopic technology can also be used in microscopic applications which involve fabricating deformable mirrors on integrated circuits. Several forms of micromirrors have emerged that combine on-chip addressing electronics with the micro-mechanical mirrors [1]. The geometric and material variations of these devices demonstrate that deformable mirrors can be designed and implemented for a variety of specific uses. The micromirror devices currently used are segmented surface devices in which the actuation of a small reflective mirror is controlled by a single address electrode. The metallized mirror and the address electrode of the device form a parallel plate capacitor. The voltage between the mirror and the electrode creates an electrostatic force acting on the mirror in the downward direction. The flexures holding the mirror are designed to deform, allowing the mirror to move vertically with applied voltage. The resulting spring force of the flexures ac ts on the mirror in the upward direction, countering the electrostatic force of the capacitor. 3.MICROMIRROR ACTUATION METHODS FOR SENSING 3.1 Electromagnetic Actuation: A micromirror can be deflected in two ways by electromagnetic actuation. First, by using Lorentz force to move a patterned coil by exerting external magnetic field. Second, by repulsive/attractive forces to repel/attract the magnetic material attached to the mirror from/to the actuator. Advances in material fabrication to provide thick film deposition of magnetic material on the surface of micro actuators should reduce voltage and current requirements. Magnetic MEMS can offer non- contact operation, and can induce mechanical resonance by magnetic element excitation. However, thermal budget imposed by the current CMOS technology limits the fabrication of the magnetic film on the substrate from reaching the desired characteristics [3]. 3.2 Piezoelectric Actuation: The piezoelectric actuation takes advantage of the corresponding physical deformation to applied electrical voltage property . It has relatively lower operation voltage (3-20 Volt DC) with low power consumption, better linearity, and fast switching time 0.1 to 1.0 milliseconds [3]. 3.3 Thermal Actuation: The main advantage of thermal actuation is the simplicity of the fabrication method. However, in general, thermal actuation tends to have higher power consumption and slow response time. The out-of-plane thermal micro actuator uses thermal expansion due to ohmic heating. A thin arm and wide arm configuration with one end fixed to the substrate has nonlinear property due to temperature dependency . 3.4 Electrostatic Actuation: Despite suffering from the pull-in effect, nonlinear behavior, and higher operating voltage, the electrostatic actuations fast response time (less than 0.1 ms), low power consumption, and the easiness of integration and testing with electrical control system make the electrostatic actuation one of the preferred choices for micromirror actuation . The operation voltage of the micromirror can be lowered while achieving more angular deflection if the stiffness of torsion bar is reduced. However, when the stiffness is lowered, the natural frequency of the micromirror also decreases, thereby reducing operational bandwidth. Say w, v, d scales as L1. Maximum Electrostatic Potential Energy Stored is given by: 3 Permitivity of vacuum and relative permitivity remains unchanged with scaling. Assume Vb scales linearly with d (Out of Paschen effect range), then 4 Electrostatic Forces Found to Scale as Square of L. Since mass and hence inertial forces scale as cube of L, Electrostatic Actuators are advantageous in Scaled Down Sizes [3]. Paschen Effect: Breakdown of continuum theory Figure 3 -Vb v/s P,d Paschen Effect: Breakdown of continuum theory: a) Vb scales non linearly in Paschen effect range. b) Vb increases in Paschen effect range. c) Higher Vb implies higher storage of energy and so larger force. 4.Summary of Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Actuation Mechanism Actuation Advantages Disadvantages Magnetic Low actuation voltage Relatively large angular deflection with lower driving power Difficult to assemble permanent magnets and coils with current CMOS technology Challenge in minimizing the size of device Piezoelectric Higher switching speed Low power consumption Short actuation range Thermal Ease of fabrication (require only one composite beam) for bulk production -High power consumption Slow response time Fatigue due to thermal cycle Electrostatic Low power consumption Fast switching Ease of integration and testing with electrical control circuitry Nonlinear characteristics Limited by the pull-in effect High actuation voltage Fabrication complexity 5.Proposed Designs 5.1 ANALYTICAL MODEL OF THE STACKED MICROMIRRORS In this section, micromirrors of different configurations are presented and compared in terms of their deflection angle and actuation voltage. The conceptual schematics of the three configurations analyzed are shown below. Figure 1(a) shows a conventional micromirror configuration. Figure 1(b) shows a unique configuration of the stacked micromirror also denoted as the first stacked mirror configuration, and Figure 1(c) shows a novel configuration of the stacked micromirror with an offset, which is also known as the second stacked micromirror configuration [8]. Figure 1. Schematics of Three Different Micromirror Configurations. The moving electrode (middle plate) in the stacked configurations is designed to be identical to the micromirror in size and material. Solutions for the following analytical model are independent of the shape and size of the plate (micromirror) as long as the dimensions of each layer are identical. First, an analytical model of the micromirror is derived to better understand the relationship between each parameter of the micromirror. The torque created by the electrostatic force between the micromirror and its electrodes, as denoted by M for each configuration, is derived from the following dynamic Equation (1): I (d2O/dt2) + C (dO/dt) + kO = M -(1) where, I is the moment of the inertia. C is the damping coefficient representing the squeeze-film. k is the torsional stiffness of the rotated serpentine spring. M is the torque created by the electrostatic force between the micromirror and its electrodes. The moment of the inertia of the micromirror along the y-axis is equal to (1/12)*ml2. Second, the value for damping coefficient, c, representing the squeeze-film damping of the micromirror is derived from the linearized Reynolds equation [13] and presented in Equation (2). C= -(48w3)/(à Ã¢â€š ¬6(b2+4)D3) (2) where, ÃŽÂ ¼ is the dynamic viscosity of the air. l is equal to the half length of the micromirror, . w is the width of the micromirror. b is the ratio of the width to the length of the micromirror. D is the initial air gap between the micromirror and its electrodes. Third, the torsional stiffness, k, of the rotated serpentine spring K= (G Jp)/(2NLp+3Lp) (3) where, G is the shear modulus of the material used in the rotated serpentine spring. Jp is the torsion factor of a beam with rectangular cross-section [14] and can be derived from the Equation (4) below. N is the number of the loops or turns in the rotated serpentine spring. Lp is the length of the rotated serpentine spring segment that is parallel to the rotation axis. Jp= (tw3/3)*(1-(192w/3t)*à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœt=1,2,3.1/t3* tanh(tà Ã¢â€š ¬t/2w)) (4) Fourth, for the sake of simplicity, the micromirror is considered to be a rigid body and the deflection of the rotated serpentine spring in the Z axis is assumed to be negligible. In order to find the torque created by the electrostatic force between the micromirror and its electrodes, the parallel plate capacitor theory is used to derive the differential force that acts on a small segment of the micromirror and its electrodes: dF = 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ®V2 (wdx)/(D-x2 -(5) where, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ® denotes the permittivity of air and V represents the potential difference. The torque, M, for each configuration is simplified with the normalized angle as represented by the following Equation (6), (7) and (8): MO = 0.5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ®wV2 (L2/D2 o2)*(o/1-o + ln(1-o)) (6) M1 = 0.5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ®wV2 (L2/D2 4o2)*(2o/1-2o + ln(1-2o)) (7) M2 = 0.5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ®wV2 (L2/D2 2)*(1/(1-2o+o2)) (8) where, M0 represents the torque created in the single mirror configuration. M1 and M2 denote the torque generated in the first and second stacked mirror configurations, respectively. To simplify the analysis, the fixed bottom electrodes are not used to actuate the micromirrors in both stacked configurations [8]. Figure-2. Torque versus Angle Comparison Plot for Three Micromirror Configurations. To visualize the magnitude of torques against the normalized angles, the normalized torques of M0, M1, and M2 are plotted in the Figure 2. The red line shows an exponential increase in the normalized torque as the normalized angle grows. The black line (conventional single mirror configuration) shows relatively gradual increase. As expected, while the deflection angle is small there are negligible differences between the three configurations in terms of the torque created by the same actuation voltage. However, as the deflection angle increases, the torque acting on the first stacked mirror grows exponentially. On the other hand, the second stacked mirror configuration shows a 50% increase in torque when compared to the single mirror configuration. 5.2 GEOMETRY The size and geometry of the micromirror are determined by the diameter of the optical beam as well as its application. For example, a micromirror used in an endoscope would require a smaller form factor. The micromirror discussed here is designed to be 1 mm in length, 1 mm in width and 10 ÃŽÂ ¼m in thickness. Also, it is assumed to be made of polysilicon that has a Youngs modulus of 160 GPa, Poissons ratio of 0.22 and density of 2330 kg/m3. Normally, the micromirror is designed to be suspended over a cavity by two torsion bars. Even though a straight torsion bar is simple to design and fabricate, it suffers from residual stress, which alters the stiffness of a torsion bar and the micromirrors frequency response. Furthermore, modification of the physical or geometric properties of the straight torsion bar is not straightforward since the geometry of the torsion bar such as the width and thickness are limited by the fabrication process. Hence, two rotated serpentine springs are chosen to hold the micromirror in place while the micromirror rotates. The serpentine springs stiffness can be easily customized regardless of the fabrication process. Thus, a rotated serpentine spring is employed in this analysis. The rotated serpentine spring used in this analysis is 4 ÃŽÂ ¼m wide, 10 ÃŽÂ ¼m thick, and 100 ÃŽÂ ¼m in length from one end to another end. The gap between each turn is 4 ÃŽÂ ¼m. Figure.3 (a) shows the expanded view of the rotated serpentine spring, and Figure.3 (b) shows the relative size and location of the spring on the micromirror. Figure 3. (a) Rotated Serpentine Spring Torsion Bar and (b) the Micromirror. Two different configurations of the micromirror are presented in Figure 4. To simplify modeling and analysis, the geometry and material of the plates (micromirrors) are kept identical except the stacking configuration. As shown in Figure 4(a), a micromirror is placed 250 ÃŽÂ ¼m directly above another square plate along the z-axis. In Figure 4(b), a micromirror is placed above another mirror with a 250 ÃŽÂ ¼m gap in the z axis and a 500 ÃŽÂ ¼m offset along the x- axis. The top plate is the micromirror, and the bottom plate is used as moving electrodes [8]. The micromirror and its moving counterpart have two electrodes located on their bottom. The electrodes are assumed to be made of 1 ÃŽÂ ¼m aluminium thin film. The rotated serpentine springs provide electrical connection between the electrodes and control circuitry. Figure-4. Stacked Micromirror Configurations. 5.3 Flexure Beam Micro-Mirror C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled1.jpg C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled.jpg Figure-5: Flexure Beam Micromirror APPROACH In order to develop the characteristic model of the Flexure-Beam micromirror device, it must first be characterized by equating the electrostatic actuation force of the parallel plate capacitor with the mechanical restoring force of the spring. Figure-6 shows a Flexure-Beam device in the resting ( V = 0 ) and active ( V > 0 ) modes where Zm represents the vertical height of the mirror above the address electrode. It is initially assumed that when no electrode potential is applied, the mirror rests firmly in the resting position, Z0, where the deflection distance, d, at all points on the mirror is zero [1]. Figure-6: Forces acting in flexure Beam Micromirror The Flexure-Beam device is a phase-only device since the direction of motion of the mirror is orthogonal to the reflective surface. Therefore, the optical path length can be altered while the direction of propagation remains unchanged. This makes the piston device very appealing for phase modulated filters or for adaptive phase correcting optics. Figure-7: Cloverleaf Micromirror One design improvement is another cantilever device known as the Cloverleaf. As shown in Figure, the flexures holding the reflective surfaces are placed in the center of the geometry. This takes the basic design of the Inverted Cloverleaf and reduces some of the negative effects observed. Also, the electrodes are located directly beneath each mirror which allows the cantilever surfaces to be individually addressable. Moving the support for the mirrors to the center of the pixel cell allows for better use of overall space. Now, the pixels can be placed so that adjacent cells nearly touch each other with only a small gap required between the mirrors of one cell and the mirrors of another. Most of the total surface area of the device is reserved for the active elements with the exception of the posts which hold the mirrors in place. This increases the active area of the device to as much as 86% which is similar to the remaining devices described in this chapter. This device, however, maintains the side effect of redirecting an incident beam of light in four distinct directions. C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled3.png Figure-8 The Quad-Cantilever deformable micromirror device The significant advantage over the Cloverleaf devices is that the mirrors are aligned so that the redirection of the incident beam of light is in a common direction. This allows the device to be capable of switching or redirecting the incident light with little loss in amplitude. One characteristic similar to the Inverted Cloverleaf and Cloverleaf devices is the slanted behavior of the deflected mirror. This behavior is typical with cantilever devices and creates a non-uniform phase response across the surface of each mirror [1]. ELECTROSTATIC FORCE In order to compute the electrostatic force on the mirror, it must first be determined by which means this force will be calculated. More specifically, it must be decided whether the charge distribution, which is not uniform over the mirror surface, will be considered. The charge distribution will change with the position of the mirror surface and will also be altered by any mirror surface deformations or discontinuities such as etch holes. This leads to a complicated solution when integrating across the mirror. As an alternative, since both the charge distribution of the mirror and the applied electrode voltage are related to the electric field within the device, it is possible to express the potential energy, of the electric charge distribution solely in terms of this field: C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled4.jpg Where, a is the surface charge distribution on the mirror, V is the actuation voltage between the mirror and address electrode, A is the area of the mirror, e0 is the free space dielectric constant and E is the electric field intensity at any point in the volume v within the device . By assigning an electric energy density of V-2coloumbs to each point in space within the device, the physical effect of the charge distribution on the mirror surface is preserved. From this approach it is easy to see that the non-uniform charge distribution on the mirror surface and the fringing effects of electric fields around the edges of the mirror are complementary descriptions of the same electrical phenomenon. 5.4 Dual Axis Micro-Mirror Figure-9: Dual-Axis micromirror Micromirror working principle The micromirror is made up by a circular polysilicon micromirror plate that is connected to a gimbal frame by a pair of polysilicon torsion springs (Fig. 9). The gimbal frame is supported by a pairs of polysilicon springs too. The structure is a dual axis micromirror: the slow axis works at the resonance frequency of 300 Hz while the fast axis works at the resonance frequency of 30 kHz. The fast axis allows the micromirror to be tilted around y direction while the slow axis allows the micromirror to be tilted around x direction. Both the two axis are actuated by electrostatic vertical comb drives. Vertical comb drives provide a motion in and out of the plane and present several advantages if compared to lateral comb drives. First of all, they generate a vertical force larger than lateral comb drives ,then they achieve larger scan angle at high resonance frequencies and finally they directly apply the torque to the micromirror without needing any hinges to couple their linear motion i nto torsional micromirror motion [4]. Each vertical comb drive consists of a set of moving mechanical polysilicon electrodes and a set of rigid electrodes suspended over an etched pit. The rigid electrodes are bound to the substrate, while the movable electrodes are linked to the axis. When a voltage is applied between the fixed fingers and the movable fingers, an electrostatic Torque arises between the two electrodes [4]. Consequently the movable fingers rotate around the torsional axis until the Electrostatic Torque (Te) and the Mechanical restoring Torque (Tm) of the springs are equal. These two torques can be expressed by (1) and (2). C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled5.jpg C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled 6.jpg Figure-10: Forces acting in a Dual-Axis Micromirror 5.5 Micromirror with Hidden Vertical Comb Drives The actuators and the torsion springs are hidden underneath the mirror to achieve high-fill factor in micromirror arrays. In this case, the fringing capacitance is significant and cannot be ignored [2]. The total capacitance as a function of angle can be calculated by integrating over the finger length. Fig. 11 shows the 3-D design of this: C:UsersAjiteshDesktopUntitled7.png Figure-11: Hidden Vertical-Comb Drive Micromirror 6.CONCLUSION: In this report, the first three phase of the project have been completed. The different actuation principles , their advantages and disadvantages have been discussed. Also four designs have been proposed and analytical study of them has been done. We can now move on to the next phase which comprises of modeling as well as analysis of the designs chosen.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Hinduism and Death Essay -- essays research papers

Each month our educational center section provides the Hinduism Today staff with a 'kind of group meditation. Individually we ponder our subject, and together we discuss it in detail. These past 30 days our meditation was on death. You might think we had a morbid March. Not so, since, as U.S. General George Patton rightly noted, "For Hindus death is the most exalted experience of life." This idea is sometimes hard for non-Hindus to grasp - especially for atheists facing Eternal Oblivion and for those of the semitic faiths which define death as a kind of punishment for man's sin and disobedience. According to this view, death is the ultimate sign of man's spiritual failure, a belief which understandably arouses instincts of denial and injustice. We may feel shamed, penitent, guilty and graced, not to mentioned frightened. And that's a long way from exultation. No such thoughts attend the dying and death of a Hindu. Of course, there is much sadness surrounding the passing of friends and family, but that is honest acknowledgement of our love and attachment to life and to each other. Inside we know that death is OK, it is natural. Inside we know that the soul, even if it was less than perfect in this life, is continuing its appointed journey toward Liberation and will, in time, reach the other shore. Such knowledge is reassuring, whether the death is another's or our own. Thus, Hindus called death by a lofty name - Maha Samadhi, "the Great Superconscious State." And to be near an awakened soul at the time he or she gives up the body is considered one of the most auspicious and blessed of opportunities. If we see death as the opposite of life, then life is good and death is bad. But if we see life and death not as hostile but as collaborative parts of a greater whole called samsara (the cosmic evolutionary cycle of birth-death-rebirth), then life is good and death is also good. Both are part of the Cosmic-What-Is. That being so, the pious Hindu approaches death as a mediation and a sadhana, as a spiritual opportunity. The physical body's impending demise compels him to practice detachment which yogis find easy but which is so difficult to achieve in the tumult of life. Yama's nearness brings an urgency to strive more than ever, to plunge deeper into consciousness in a renewed search for the Divine Self. No longer can he put it off. No mor... ...ht by fighting medical and legal battles in growing numbers. Death is personified in most cultures. The Greeks called him Thanatos, and to the Romans he was Mors. IN India he is Yama, riding on a black water buffalo, green in color, dressed in red. The pigeon and owl are his messengers, his weapon is a mace. He carries a noose, called kala-sutra or "black threat," with which he snares the life force, prana, and draws it from the body. He is also called Mrityu, "death," Kala, "time" and Dharma Raja, "King of Justice." There is much to be said of the Hindu insights on death, and only a fraction of it fit into the four pages you will find at the center of this issue. We intend to do more in the future and welcome readers' contributions. Our objective is to share the message of the awakened ones who conquered death and knew the body's dissolution as freedom from bondage, as liberation into the Light, as a flowing of the finite into the Infinite. They asked us to think fearlessly about death, to fathom its meaning. They urged us in exiting life to let go of the ego and be the immortal Self which time and again shrugs off the shackles of sorrow.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Arthur Miller Essay

An important theme in Arthur Miller’s play â€Å"All My Sons† is the responsibility a man has for another man. Miller stressed that people must be held accountable for their actions to society and they will be held accountable by the inevitable justice found in the universe: karma. This theme is expressed through action as well as characters throughout the entire play; it is subtle at first but slowly becomes more prominent until Joe Keller finally realizes exactly how his actions affected people outside of his family. To begin, Keller’s character is important to the theme because he represents the opposite of being responsible for his actions and being held accountable to society. Joe Keller seems like a simple kind of man. His greatest wishes are to obtain the American dream for his wife and to create a legacy to pass on to his son. However, he harbors a dark secret that explains how he achieved those dreams for his family- he knowingly shipped out faulty airplane parts during wartime. Up until the time of the play, Keller did not believe he did a terrible thing by shipping those parts out. As he explains, when he came home from jail he was like an expert on the â€Å"whole jail thing† and, over time, the children â€Å"got it confused and†¦ [he] ended up a detective†(29). Or, more clearly, he went from being the bad guy to being the good guy. In Keller’s mind, he was the good guy because he saved his family from being poor and having their reputations in the gutter. He says to his wife, â€Å"you wanted money, so I made money†(76). To him, he simply did what he had to do to protect and take care of his family. At that point in his life he was not able to see the big picture of things; he was only able to see one little contour, just one small piece, of what makes up the universe. Furthermore, it is evident that Keller’s small piece of the universe, his family, is what is most important to him. Throughout the play he tells Chris that everything he has done with the business , including sending out cracked gear heads, was for Chris: â€Å"it was a chance and I took it for you†(70). Keller believed that he had to send out those parts so that he would still have a business to pass on to his son. Chris replies â€Å"what is that, the world- the business?†(70). He is asking his father if the whole world is the business. And the answer in Keller’s mind is, as long as it takes care of his family, yes it is the world. Slowly, though, Keller begins to see just what his actions have caused to happen to other people. Take, for example, when he speaks to Ann about her father, Steve. He finds out that Ann and George never visit Steve in jail and that they don’t even write to him. Keller is unable to understand why the children would â€Å"crucify† their father and he pleads with Ann to not â€Å"make a murderer out of him†(32). He realizes that Steve’s life was ruined and his relationships with his children, something that Keller gives very high value to, are ruined as well. It is also easy to believe that Keller doesn’t want to see Steve crucified because if he is, that means that Keller should be too. And if Keller was punished for his actions, that means there is â€Å"something bigger† in the world than the relationship between father and son. The whole ordeal with Steve and Steve’s children gives Keller a clue that there may be bigger things in the world than familial relationships and also that there may be consequences to wrongful actions. Finally, Chris and Larry (posthumously) work to enlighten Keller that â€Å"there’s a universe of people outside and that [he’s] responsible to it†(84). Chris’ character alone serves as a guidepost to this revelation. He is the epitome of the idea of responsibility and accountability to society because he is the person that reaches for something he wants but pulls â€Å"back because other people will suffer†(16). Chris takes other people’s feelings and well-being into account before he acts. He learned to be so self-less in the war, as he watched his men kill themselves for each other. He describes it as â€Å"a kind of†¦ responsibility. Man for man†(35-36). He learned that you cannot only look out for yourself in this world, but you have to help other people out as well. And Larry, whom Keller thought shared his ideas on the way the world was made (with a â€Å"forty-foot front†), had a good sense that people must consider the good of the many before they act for the few. It is his letter to Ann, in which he states he â€Å"can’t bear to live anymore†(83) because of what his father did, that brings everything crashing down around Keller. In the same way Larry’s memorial tree came crashing down and allowed more light to shine into the arbor, his letter shined light onto the true ways of the universe. Everything that Keller stood for, everything he believed in was wrong. He finally realized that he did a terrible thing that killed not only strangers, but people who were fathers, brothers, and sons. In essence, he killed the thing he lives for; he killed family. This revelation drives home the idea that justice will inevitably be brought to the wrong-doers. Keller’s karma comes back and makes him not only set everything right in the universe again but pay the ultimate price for his actions: death by his own hand. Chris, Ann, and Kate can now move forward, not bogged down by shame and guilt, and they can â€Å"live.†

Friday, November 8, 2019

CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MIDDLE EAR DISORDERS Essays

CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MIDDLE EAR DISORDERS Essays CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MIDDLE EAR DISORDERS Essay CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MIDDLE EAR DISORDERS Essay Clinical DIAGNOSIS OF MIDDLE EAR DISORDERS Exploitation WIDEBAND ENERGY REFLECTANCE A Doctoral Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Copyright 2008 by [ Alaaeldin Elsayed ] Clinical DIAGNOSIS OF MIDDLE EAR DISORDERS USING WIDEBAND ENERGY REFLECTANCE Communication Sciences and Disorders Abstraction Accurate diagnosing of in-between ear upsets in grownups and kids is a ambitious undertaking because of the complexness of disorders.A Wideband energy coefficient of reflection ( WBER ) technique provides simpleness and truth in naming in-between ear upsets across broad frequence range.A This research is spread outing the surveies of WBER to look into the in-between ear map in normal and pathological conditions of the in-between ear in grownups and kids. Findingss showed that WBER non merely can separate unnatural from normal in-between ear map but besides can qualify different in-between ear upsets in grownups and children.A Several specific WBER forms were established in a assortment of in-between ear upsets among grownups and kids that will assist in early diagnosing of such pathologies.A The ER form was including important higher Erbium in the kids control group than the grownup control group at 0.5 kilohertzs and 1 kilohertz, abnormally high or shallower in otosclerotic ears, ab normally low in ears with TM perforation and abnormally low ER with deep notch in ears with hypermobile TM.A In presence of negative middle-ear force per unit area, elevated ER at ambient force per unit area is besides expected.A Results besides showed that standard tympanometry was less sensitive in naming in-between ear upsets when compared to WBER particularly in otosclerotic instances. Further surveies are still required to formalize the clinical usage of ER in larger figure of persons with confirmed in-between ear upsets. KEYWORDS:A wideband energy coefficient of reflection, otosclerosis, otitis media with gush, eustachian tubing disfunction, tympanometry. This abstract is approved as to organize and content Wafaa Kaf, MD, MS, PhD Chairperson, Advisory Committee Missouri State Universit Clinical DIAGNOSIS OF MIDDLE EAR DISORDERS USING WIDEBAND ENERGY REFLECTANCETITLE OF THESIS By Alaaeldin Elsayed A Doctoral Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College Of Missouri State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctorate, Audiology Recognitions I would wish to thank so many who encouraged me along this dissertation.A First and first, I am grateful to God for all his approvals. I am really thankful to Dr. Neil DiSarno for all his support and sort lovingness throughout my graduate school education.A A Further, I am so thankful to Dr. Wafaa Kaf, my doctorial adviser, for her counsel, encouragement, and support throughout this work. A In add-on, I would wish to demo grasp to my commission members for their helpful remarks and way for this dissertation.A Particular thanks besides to the module and secretarial staff of the Department of Communication Science and Disorders. Thankss to Dr. Walid Albohy, and Dr. Ahmad Alhag for their aid in roll uping informations for this survey. Particular thanks and grasp for my married woman Enass and my kids Mohamed and Nada, your love and delicious liquors has kept me traveling frontward. Dedication This work is dedicated To My beloved parents, My beloved Enass, Mohamed,andNothing , Who made all of this possible, for their eternal encouragement and forbearance. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Hearing mechanism and the in-between ear Sound transmittal. The hearing procedure includes the transmittal of sound energy through the audile canal to the tympanic membrane ( TM ) .A This sound energy consequences in quiver of the TM with an equal atmospheric force per unit area on both sides of the TM.A The mechanical quivers are, so, transmitted from the TM to the air-filled in-between ear infinite and bonelets ( hammer, anvil and stirrups ) , which farther amplify the sound energy and transmit it, via ellipse window, to the fluid-filled inner ear.A At the interior ear, the mechanical quiver is converted into electric moving ridges and transmitted as nervus signals that are interpreted by the encephalon as sounds. Mechanical belongingss of in-between ear.A The in-between ear is an air-filled pit that connects the outer ear canal to the maze of the interior ear. This connexion is established through the in-between ear ossicels-malleus, anvil and stirrups. The hammer is attached to the TM by its grip ; the anvil bone lies in the center between the hammer and the stirrups while the footplate of the stirrups is attached to the ellipse window of the interior ear.A The in-between ear pit is besides connected to the nasopharyngeal pit through the Eustachian tubing ( Musiek and Baran, 2007 ) . The Eustachian tubing is of import in keeping an equal force per unit area on both sides of the TM and airing of the in-between ear cavity.A The tubing besides drain the in-between ear into the nasopharynx ( Channell, 2008 ) . Figure 1 demonstrates conventional representation of the anatomy of the ear. When the sound force per unit area moves the TM the mallus and anvil accordingly travel together as one unit around a polar point.A In making so, both castanetss act as a lever ; the lever arm formed by the manubrium of the hammer is somewhat longer than that of the anvil ( about 1:1.3 ratio ) . In bend, the rotary motion of the long procedure of the anvil around its polar point leads to the dorsum and Forth ( piston-like ) motion of the stirrups footplate in the ellipse window of the interior ear.A The motion of the stirrups footplate is straight relative to the frequence and amplitude of the sound waves.A This path of sound transmittal is called the ossiculate path .A Acoustic path is another manner of conveying sound moving ridges straight from the TM and the ellipse window to the cochlea.A The direct acoustic stimulation of the ellipse and unit of ammunition Windowss, by go throughing the bonelets ( acoustic path ) , plays a portion in sound transmissionA A A In normal ears bot h mobs are working but the upper manus is for the ossiculate path ( Voss, Rosowski, Merchant, and Peake, 2007 ) . From the above information, it appears that the in-between ear dramas of import function in the hearing process.A The in-between ear chiefly helps to rectify the electric resistance mismatching between the air-filled in-between ear and the fluid-filled cochlea and to transform the acoustic energy at the TM into mechanical energy that will finally be transferred to the inner ear.A The Impedance fiting map of the in-between ear is carried out by three mechanisms: the lever action of the bonelets of the in-between ear, the country difference between the TM and the country of the stirrups footplate, and the buckling of the curved TM.A An result of these mechanisms is that the quiver obtained from the big country of the TM is focused to the much smaller egg-shaped window of the interior ear ( 21:1 country ratio ) , ensuing in a differential force per unit area between the ellipse window connected to scala vestibuli and the unit of ammunition window connected to the scala tympani.A This fo rce per unit area derived function is critical in maximising the flow of sound energy and activation of the cochlear constructions ( Cummingss, 2004 ) .A Consequently, in-between ear upsets are expected to impact the normal transmittal of sound, ensuing in conductive hearing loss ( discussed below ) . An illustration of the anatomical construction of External, Middle and Inner ear.A Modified from Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia: Ear anatomy . In add-on to rectifying the electric resistance mismatch between the air-filled in-between ear and the fluid-filled cochlea, the in-between ear besides protects the interior ear from loud sound via the acoustic reflex.A This chiefly occurs as a consequence of automatic contraction of the two in-between ear musculuss, the tensor kettle and the stapedius, in response to loud sound taking to increased stiffness of the oscicular concatenation, and therefore diminished sound transmittal ( Allen, Jeng, and Levitt, 2005 ) .A Given that the acoustic physiological reaction chiefly decreases the transmittal of low frequence sounds therefore, it improves speech favoritism in loud, low-frequency noisy environments.A Unfortunately, the physiological reaction does non protect the ear against unprompted sounds as gun shootings due to drawn-out latency in musculus contraction ( Lynch, Peake, and Rosowski, 1994 ) . Pathophysiology of in-between ear upsets To further understand the pathology of in-between ear upsets, it is of import to see the center ear system as a vibrating mechanical system.A Such a system is composed of three elements: mass, stiffness, and friction.A When the mass and stiffness constituents are equal, alleged resonating frequence of the in-between ear, it is expected that the amplitude of quiver of the in-between ear is at maximum.A On the other manus, when there is an addition in the mass without alteration in stiffness or clash the resonating frequence is lowered and the amplitude of quiver is lowered at frequences above the resonating frequency.A In contrast, when there is an addition in the stiffness constituent of the in-between ear the resonating frequence additions and the magnitude of quiver reduces for frequences below the resonating frequence ( Roeser, Valente, and Hosford-Dunn, 2000 ) . In-between Ear Disorders are a variable group of pathological conditions that includes, for illustration, in-between ear infection ( Otitis Media with Effusion: OME ) , chronic otitis media with perforation of the TM, Eustachian Tube Dysfunction ( ETD ) , ossiculate break or disruption and or/ otosclerosis.A Such in-between ear upsets may take to conductive hearing loss due to their effects on mass, stiffness, and/or clash elements of the normal in-between ear. Perforated TM is induced by chronic otitis media or injury to the ear. As a consequence, the normal construction and the map of the TM are altered. The grade of hearing loss is straight related to the size of the perforation ( Voss et al. , 2000 ) A The perforation leads to equalisation of force per unit area on both sides of the membrane which accordingly leads to perturbation of the ossiculate path and hearing loss ( Voss et al. , 2000 ) . Normally the inward motion of the stirrups is followed by an outward motion at the unit of ammunition window ( push and draw mechanism ) . In the presence of TM perforation, this push and draw mechanism of the bonelets is disturbed and the sound waves energy making the ellipse window is reduced. Ossicular disruption normally follows a violent injury to caput or as a effect of chronic otitis media and/or cholesteatoma. Disarticulation of the incudostapedial jointA due to traffic accident was the most common pathlogy of ossiculate break ( Yetiser s, 2008 ) .A With the exclusion break due to chronic otitis media, the disruption of the bonelets may or may non be accompanied by TM rupture. The hurt consequences in loss of the electric resistance fiting mechanism of the in-between ear and a conductive hearing loss of about 40-60 dubnium ( Merchant, Ravicz, and Rosowski, 1997 ) . Otosclerosis is a progressive disease of bone reabsorption and reformation that affects castanetss derived from the auricular capsule.A The etiology of the disease is non to the full understood.A The disease leads to osteodystrophy and arrested development of the stirrups in the egg-shaped window.A Among the most recognized eatiological factors is familial factors and viral infection.A Otosclerosis is characterized clinically by progressive hearing loss, tinnitus and dizziness ( Menger and Tange, 2003 ) .A Both conductive and centripetal nervous hearing loss has been reported in otosclerotic patients ( Ramsay and Linthicum, 1994 ) .A Otosclerosis may impact the cochlea and other parts of the maze every bit good ( Menger and Tange, 2003 ) .A The ensuing arrested development of the footplate of the stirrups leads to increased stiffness of the ossicular concatenation early in the disease. Increased stiffness of the in-between ear affects the transmittal of low frequence sounds. At ulter ior phases of the disease, the bone starts to turn adding a mass consequence. This addition in mass of the in-between ear affects the transmittal of high frequence sounds every bit good ( Shahnaz and Polka, 1997 ) . More upsets include inflammatory conditions of the in-between ear such as otitis media ( OM ) and media with gush ( OME ) , chronic otitis media, and cholesteatoma.A OM normally consequences from upper respiratory infections or allergic reactions that lead to obstructor of the Eustachian tubing ( Channell, 2008 ) .A As a effect, negative force per unit area develops in the in-between ear ensuing in earache due to stretching of the TM and mild hearing loss due to the increased stiffness of in-between ear conveying mechanism.A If the negative force per unit area inside the in-between ear is non relieved, a transudation accumulates inside the in-between ear. The status is so called OME. The hearing is farther affected by the mass- clash consequence. The grade of hearing loss depends on the type and the sum of the transudation. The combination of fluid and force per unit area in the in-between ear was found to cut down TM motion at the umbo by 17 dubnium over the audile frequence scope ( Dai, Wood, and Gan, 2008 ) . In-between ear map steps Tuning fork proving. The tuning fork testing is one of the traditionally used qualitative hearing tests.A They are used to analyze the conductive constituent of hearing loss ( external or in-between ear pathology ) .A Several trials have been descried including: Rinne, Schwabach, Bing, and Weber tests.A For Rinne trial, the vibrating tuning fork is held against the skull, normally on the mastoid procedure bone behind the ear to do quivers through the castanetss of the skull and interior ear.A To do quivers in the air next to the ear, the vibrating fork is so held following to, but non affecting, the ear.A In the trial the patient is asked to find if the sound heard through the bone is louder or that heard through the air.A The consequences of the trial are categorized as positive, negative, or equivocal.A A negative Rinne trial is indicated when the sound is heard louder by bone conductivity than by air conductivity which suggests a conductive constituent of the hearing loss.A Although Rinne trial was found to be extremely specific in one survey ; the same writer has suggested that it should be carried out merely as a battalion up trial forA pure tone audiology in audiological rating of hearing loss ( Browning and Swan, 1988 ; Thijs and Leffers, 1989 ) .A The Schwabach tuning fork t rial compares patient s bone conductivity to the normal tester. Bing tuning fork trials determines the presence or absence of the occlusion effect.A Weber tunning fork trial determines the type of a one-sided hearing loss.A While Rinne trial compares air conductivity to cram conductivity in the same patient.A Although the tuning fork testing is easy and dependable ; it is still a subjective trial that depends on the response of the patient and the grade of hearing loss.A Additional drawbacks are that tuning fork testing is a qualitative and non a quantitative trial, and does non name the etiology of the conductive hearing loss. Pure-tone Audiometry. Pure-tone Audiometry is a behavioural trial that measures hearing threshold.A The trial has been used to name type and grade of hearing loss for more than one hundred old ages. During trial scene, the patient is subjected to different tones to prove the hearing mechanisms via air-conduction and bone conduction.A Typically, the normal degree of pure tone audiogram air and bone conductivity will lie between 0-15 dubnium HL for kids and 0-25 dubnium HL for adults.A Harmonizing to Northern and Downs ( 1991 ) , the grade of hearing loss can be classified in grownups as ( 0-25 dubnium HL ) within normal bounds, Mild ( 26-40 dubnium HL ) , Moderate ( 41- 55 dubnium HL ) , Moderate-Severe ( 56-70 ) , Severe ( 71-90 dubnium HL ) or Profound ( 91 + dubnium HL ) hearing loss.A In kids it is classified as normal ( 0-15 dubnium HL ) , Slight ( 15-25 dubnium HL ) , Mild ( 25-30 dubnium HL ) , Moderate ( 30-50 dubnium HL ) , Severe ( 50-70 dubnium HL ) , Profound ( 70 + dubnium HL ) hearing loss.A This categorization is applied to PTA of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz ( Roeser et al, A 2000 ) .A Different types of hearing loss are interpreted by comparing air conductivity thresholds to cram conductivity thresholds.A When the air conductivity threshold elevated to a maximal around 60-70 dubnium HL in the presence of normal bone conductivity threshold, this type of hearing loss is called conductive hearing loss.A In sensorineural hearing loss the pure tone audiogram shows both air and bone conductivity thresholds are elevated and with a 10 dubnium HL or less in between.A Mixed hearing loss shows lift in both air and bone conductivity thresholds, but with the bone conductivity threshold at better strengths than the air conductivity by 10 dubniums HL or more.A In both conductive and assorted hearing loss, the difference in air and bone conductivity thresholds is called air-bone spread ; and it represents the sum of conductive hearing loss nowadays ( Roeser et al, A 2000 ) . The usage of pure-tone audiology provides quantitative information sing the grade and type of hearing loss.A However, it does non name the cause of hearing loss and can non be used in babies, immature kids, and difficult-to-test subject.A Mannina ( 1997 ) reported that the diagnosing of in-between ear upsets in school-aged kids is less efficient when utilizing pure-tone audiology alone.A To better the diagnosing of in-between ear upset, Yockel ( 2001 ) demonstrated that the add-on of tympanometry to audiology does better the diagnosing of OME than utilizing audiology entirely. Measuring Middle ear map is a really of import measure in early diagnosing and intervention of conductive hearing loss.A Since the normally used subjective trials, the tuning-fork and pure tone audiology, can non place the etiology of underlying in-between ear disease, other nonsubjective steps such as acoustic immittance are needed for differential diagnosing and accurate diagnosing of specific in-between ear upsets. Acoustic Immittance. Several nonsubjective measurings of in-between ear map have been developed over the last four decades.A Various anatomical constructions of the in-between ear represent composite web system that affects the sound presented to the ear.A Not all the sound represented to the in-between ear is delivered to the cochlea, but some of the power is absorbed by the bony construction of the in-between ear ( Zwislocki, 1982 ) .A Acoustic Immittance utilizing tympanometry assess the in-between ear position by mensurating the transmitted sound energy to the in-between ear. Acoustic Immittance provides nonsubjective information about the mechanical transportation map in the outer and in-between ear.A Acoustic Immittance is defined, as the speed with which an objects moves in relative to an applied force, while Acoustic Impedance ( Za ) is the resistance offered by in-between ear and the TM to the flow of energy.A Mathematically acoustic entree ( Ya ) of a system is the reciprocal of impedance.A Acoustic Immittance refers jointly to acoustic entree, acoustic electric resistance or both ( Tympanometry. ASHA Working Group on Aural Acoustic-Immittance Measurements Committee on Audiologic Evaluation , 1988 ) .A Research workers have found that abnormalcies in the in-between ear transmittal might be reflected in the acoustic status of the TM ( Allen et al, 2005 ) .A Acoustic Immittance can be measured to individual probe-tone frequence ( individual frequence tympanometry ) or to series of multiple investigation frequences ( multifrequency tympanometry ) . Single frequence tympanometry. Tympanometry is one of the earliest nonsubjective methods used to measure in-between ear function.A Tympanometry measures the acoustic immittance of the in-between ear as a map of altering the air force per unit area in the ear canal.A A individual investigation tone tympanometry is the conventional step of in-between ear map in response to low frequence investigation tone, 226 Hz, under changing inactive air pressure.A A Evaluation of the acoustic immittance of normal and different in-between ear upsets was done by Otto Metz, 1946, and confirmed subsequently by Feldman, 1963 ( Katz, 2009 ) In 1970, James Jerger began to integrate immittance measuring into the everyday audiological evaluation.A Jerger classified tympanograms as type A, B, or C depending on the form of the tympanogram ( with or without extremum ) and location of the extremum when nowadays. Type A is the normal tympanogram with the extremum at or near the atmospheric force per unit area ( +25 to -100 daPa ) . Type A is farther divided into subtypes Ad and As for high and low peaked type A tympanograms severally ( Feldman, 1976 ) .A Type B tympanogram has no extremum and relates to middle ear gush, infection with normal ear canal volume, or due to big TM perforation with big ear canal volume.A Type C is a negatively shifted tympanogram that reflects Eustachian tubing disfunction, a precursor of serous OM, largely evolved from type B ( Katz, 2009 ) . Since 1970, individual frequence Tympanometry is the conventional clinical center ear step because it is a non-invasive, nonsubjective, and inexpensive index of many in-between ear pathologies in kids and adults.A Unfortunately, low frequence investigation tone tympanometry has high false negatives in babies younger than seven months ( Holte, Margolis, and Cavanaugh, 1991 ) . This is explained by the motion of the baby s ear canal wall with force per unit area alterations in the external ear canal due to immatureness of the cadaverous portion of the external auditory canal.A In add-on, tympanometry was found to be comparatively insensitive to many lesions that affect the ossiculate concatenation of the in-between ear ( Lilly, 1984 ) .A Furthermore, Keefe and Levi ( 1996 ) reported false positive tympanometry consequences compared to energy coefficient of reflection, a recent in-between ear map measure.A They found normal in-between ear energy coefficient of reflection at higher frequ ences in babies with level low investigation tone tympanometry.A A A A A A A A A A A A A Multifrequency tympanometry. Multifrequency TympanometryA ( MFT ) , which was foremost introduced by Colletti in 1976, measures in-between ear electric resistance utilizing multiple frequence investigation tones runing from 226-Hz to 500 HzA and up to 2000 Hz ( Colletti,1976 ) .A Similar to old treatment about the three elements of the mechanical system of the in-between ear, entree of the in-between ear has three constituents: stiffness ( compliant susceptance ) , aggregate susceptance and conductance ( opposition ) . A tympanometric form was developed by Vanhuyse and co-workers in 1975 that helped in construing the underlying in-between ear pathology utilizing MFT.A The Vanhuyse tympanometric form is based on the premise of the forms and locations of reactance ( X ) and opposition ( R ) tympanograms.A Using a transition equation the theoretical account can foretell the forms of susceptance ( B ) and conductance ( G ) tympanograms.A Vanhuyse et Als proposed four normal forms: 1B1G, 3B1G, 3B3G, and 5B3G as shown in Figure 2. 1B1G form is the normal tympanogram with a one susceptance ( B ) and one conductance ( G ) peak.A It occurs when reactance ( X ) is negative and its absolute value is greater than opposition ( R ) at all force per unit area used ( the ear stiffness is controlled ) .A As the investigation frequence increases the curve becomes more complex and notched. 3BIG theoretical account has three extremums of susceptance ( B ) and one conductance ( G ) peak.A It represent negative reactanc e ( X ) with an absolute value greater than opposition ( R ) at low force per unit area and smaller than opposition ( R ) at high pressure.A The 3rd theoretical account ( 3B3G ) appears when the ear is mass-controlled. In 3B3G theoretical account the reactance is positive and less than opposition ( X lt ; R ) at low force per unit area and negative at high force per unit area. 5B3G pattern occurs when the reactance is positive and greater than opposition ( X gt ; R ) at low force per unit area and going negative at high force per unit area ( Margolis, Saly, and Keefe, 1999 ) . Figure 2. A in writing presentation of the theoretical account presented by Vanhuyse, Creten and Van Camp ( 1975 ) .A The opposition ( R ) , negative opposition ( -R ) and the reactance ( X ) tympanograms is shown in the upper left corner of each panel.A Negative R is shown to compare the magnitude of the reactance X.A The corresponding entree ( Y ) , ( lower left corner ) , susceptance ( B ) , ( upper right corner ) and conductance ( G ) , ( lower right corner ) are besides shown in each panel.A Four forms are presented and classified harmonizing to the figure of extreme point in the susceptance B and conductance G tympanograms.A The form ( 1B1G ) in panel one shows both susceptance and conductance have individual extreme point and reactance is negative.A The form ( 3B1G ) in panel two shows conductance G is individual peaked with three extreme points in susceptance B, reactance Ten is still negative but its absolute value is greater than opposition at high pressure.A The form ( 3B3G ) in pan el three shows three extreme point in susceptance B, conductance G, and entree Y tympanograms, reactance Y is positive but less than opposition R.A The form ( 5B3G ) in panel four shows five extreme point in susceptance B tympanogram and three extreme point in conductance G, and entree Y tympanograms, reactance Y is positive and greater than opposition R at low force per unit area. Because of the usage of mensurating in-between ear map to several investigation tone frequence, MFT is considered superior to individual frequence tympanometry in observing high electric resistance pathological conditions of the in-between ear such as in-between ear gush, otosclerosis, and cholesteatoma.A Such pathological conditions were non detected by conventional tympanometry ( Colletti, 1976, Keefe and Levi, 1996, Shahnaz et al 2009 ) .A Several surveies have shown that MFT has higher sensitiveness and specificity in observing in-between ear pathologies such as TM mass or adhesions ( Margolis, Schachern, and Fulton, 1998 ) .A Besides, MFT is more sensitive than individual frequence tympanometry in placing normal and unnatural in-between ear status in newborns ( Shahnaz, Miranda, and Polka, 2008 ) .A However, MFT is of limited clinical usage for several grounds: long proving clip, limited frequence scope, and undependable informations above 1000 Hz ( AllenA et al, A 2005 ) .A The usage of wideband energy coefficient of reflection is shown to turn to the above restrictions of MFT. Wideband energy coefficient of reflection. The wideband energy coefficient of reflection ( WBER ) is a new technique that has been introduced late to measure in-between ear disfunction ( Keefe, Ling, and Bulen, 1992 ) .A Simply the thought of WBER is that incident sound to the ear is transmitted through the ear canal and TM, some of this sound energy is absorbed through the in-between ear and cochlea and portion of it is reflected back ( Figure 3 ) .A The energy coefficient of reflection ( ER ) is defined as the square magnitude of force per unit area coefficient of reflection AÂ ¦R ( degree Fahrenheit )AÂ ¦2, which represents the ratio of the sound energy reflected from the TM to the incident sound energy at frequence (degree Fahrenheit) .A ER ratio ranges from one to zero ( 1.0 = all incident sound energy is reflected, and 0.0 = all sound energy is absorbed ) ( Allen et al, A 2005 ) .A ER is an index of the in-between ear power to reassign sound ( Feeney, Grant, and Marryott, 200 3 ) . Energy coefficient of reflection ( ER ) measurers middle ear map over a broad set of frequences ( 0.2- 8 kilohertz ) .A ER is the ratio of the reflected energy ( ruddy pointer ) to the incident energy ( xanthous pointer ) .A When all incident sound energy is reflected back ER ratio peers one.A When all incident sound energy is absorbed ER peers zero.A Red pointer represents reflected sound energy ; xanthous pointer represents incident sound energy ; green pointer represent absorbed sound energy.A Modified from Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia: Ear anatomy . WBER measures in-between ear map utilizing a chirp stimulation at 65 dubnium SPL over a broad frequence scope, typically 0.2 to 8 kilohertzs and at fixed ambient force per unit area ( Feeney et al, 2003 ) .A Normative information has shown that most incident acoustic power is reflected back to the ear canal ( ER ratio closes to 1 ) at frequence scope below 1 kilohertzs or above 10 kilohertz that besides show hapless hearing threshold or at frequences below 1 kilohertzs and above 4 kilohertz ( less efficient in-between ear map ) ( Keefe, Bulen, Arehart, and Burns, 1993 ) .A More specifically, 50 % of the acoustic power is transmitted to the in-between ear between 1-5 kilohertz frequence scope, bespeaking that the most effectual in-between ear transportation map ( ER is at its lowest values, closer to one ) occurs around 1-5 kilohertz ( Allen et al, A 2005 ; Keefe et Al, 1993 ; Schairer, Ellison, Fitzpatrick, and Keefe, 2007 ) .A WBER has been used in mensurating normal in-between ear map and in-between ear upsets utilizing ambient force per unit area ( Allen et al, A 2005 ; Feeney et Al, A 2003 ; Shahnaz et al. , 2009 ) .A In other surveies the research workers used force per unit area to mensurate the acoustic stapedial physiological reaction ( Feeney and Sanford, 2005 ; Schairer et Al, A 2007 ) .A Development of the in-between ear in babies was besides investigated utilizing WBER ( Keefe and Abdala, 2007 ; Keefe e Al, 1993 ; Keefe and Levi, 1996 ) . Wideband energy coefficient of reflection in neonatal showing Keefe et Al. ( 1993 ) and Keefe and Levi ( 1996 ) reported that the acoustic response belongingss of the external and in-between ear varies significantly over the first 2 old ages of life.A These alterations, largely physical alterations, are responsible for the mass-dominant baby s in-between ear system with lower resonant frequency.A The chief constituents of this mass-dominant consequence is the pars flaccida of the TM, ossicles, and perilymph in the cochlea ( Van Camp, Margolis, Wilson, Creten, and Shanks, 1986 ) . The mesenchyme in baby s in-between ear may add to the mass consequence ( Meyer, Jardine, and Deverson, 1997 ) . This is wholly in contrast to adult s in-between ear, which is a stiffness-dominant system at low frequence ( Holte et al, 1991 ; Keefe and Levi, 1996 ) . The TM, sinews and ligaments, the infinite between the mastoid and the in-between ear pit, and the viscousness of the perilymph and the mucose liner of the in-between ear pit constitute the stiffness const ituent of the in-between ear ( Van Camp, Margolis, Wilson, Creten, and Shanks, 1986 ) . Recently, Shahnaz ( 2008 ) have compared MFT and WBER findings between normal grownups and normal-hearing newborns in the neonatal intensive attention units ( NICU ) , who passed the neonatal hearing testing test.A The research worker found maximal soaking up ofA the incident energy at narrower scope of frequenciesA ( 1.2 2.7 kilohertz ) in normal babes compared to grownups ( 2.8 4.8 kilohertz ) ( Shahnaz, 2008 ; Shahnaz et Al, 2008 ) .A This preliminary normative informations from 49 neonatal ears reflects the possible diagnostic benefits of the WBER trial in observing in-between ear gush in newborns. Wideband energy coefficient of reflection in otosclerosis A A A Although the chief unequivocal di

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Meaning of Interpreted or Compiled in JavaScript

Meaning of Interpreted or Compiled in JavaScript Computers cannot actually run the code that you write in JavaScript (or any other language for that matter). Computers can only run machine code. The machine code that a particular computer can run is defined within the processor that is going to run those commands and can be different for different processors. Obviously, writing machine code was difficult for people to do (is 125 an add command or is it 126 or perhaps 27). To get around that problem what are known as assembly  languages were created. These languages used more obvious names for the commands (such as ADD for adding) and thus did away with the need to remember the exact machine codes. Assembly languages still have a one to one relationship with the particular processor and machine code that the computer converts those commands into. Assembly Languages Must Be Compiled or Interpreted Very early on it was realized that easier to write languages were needed and that the computer itself could be used to translate those into the machine code instructions that the computer can actually understand. There were two approaches that could be taken with this translation and both alternatives were chosen (either one or the other will be used depending on the language being used and where it is being run). A compiled language is one where once the program has been written you feed the code through a program called a compiler and that produces a machine code version of the program. When you want to then run the program you just call the machine code version. If you make changes to the program you need to recompile it before being able to test the changed code. An interpreted language is one where the instructions are converted from what you have written into machine code as the program is being run. An interpreted language basically gets an instruction from the program source, converts it to machine code, runs that machine code and then grabs the next instruction from the source to repeat the process. Two Variants on Compiling and Interpreting One variant uses a two-stage process. With this variant, the source of your program is compiled not directly into the machine code but instead is converted to an assembly-like language that is still independent of the particular processor. When you want to run the code it then processes that compiled code through an interpreter specific to the processor so as to get the machine code appropriate to that processor. This approach has many of the benefits of compiling while maintaining processor independence since the same compiled code can be interpreted by many different processors. Java is one language that often uses this variant. The other variant is called a Just in Time compiler (or JIT). With this approach, you dont actually run the compiler after you have written your code. Instead, that happens automatically when you run the code. Using a Just in Time compiler the code isnt interpreted statement by statement, it is compiled all in one go each time when it is called to be run and then the compiled version that it just created is what gets run. This approach makes it look a lot like the code is being interpreted except that instead of errors only being found when the statement with the error is reached, any errors detected by the compiler result in none of the code being run instead of all of the code up to that point being run. PHP is an example of a language that usually uses just in time compilation. Is JavaScript Compiled or Interpreted? So now we know what interpreted  code  and compiled code  mean, the question we next need to answer is what does all of this have to do with JavaScript? Depending on exactly where you run your JavaScript the code may be compiled or interpreted or use either of the other two variants mentioned. Most of the time you are ​running your JavaScript in a web browser and there the JavaScript is usually interpreted. Interpreted languages are usually slower than compiled languages. There are two reasons for this. Firstly the code to be interpreted actually has to be interpreted before it can be run and  secondly, that has to happen every time that the statement is to be run (not only every time you run the JavaScript but if it is in a loop then it needs to be done every time around the loop). This means that code written in JavaScript will run slower than code written in many other languages. How does knowing this help us where JavaScript is the only language available for us to run across all web browsers? The JavaScript interpreter itself that is built into the web browser is not written in JavaScript.  Instead, it is written in some other language that was then compiled. What this means is that you can make your JavaScript run faster if you can take advantage of any commands that JavaScript provides that allow you to offload the task to the JavaScript engine itself. Examples for Getting JavaScript to Run Faster An example of this is that some but not all browsers have implemented a document.getElementsByClassName() method within the JavaScript engine while others have yet to do so. When we need this particular functionality we can make out code run faster in those browsers where the JavaScript engine provides it by using feature sensing to see if the method already exists and only creating our own version of that code in JavaScript when the JavaScript engine doesnt provide it for us. Where the JavaScript engine does provide that functionality it should run faster if we use that rather than running our own version written in JavaScript. The same applies to any processing that the JavaScript engine makes available for us to call directly. There will also be instances where JavaScript provides multiple ways of making the same request. In those  instances, one of the ways of accessing the information may be more specific than the other. For example document.getElementsByTagName(table)[0].tBodies and document.getElementsByTagName(table)[0].getElementsByTagName(tbody) both retrieve the same  nodelist  of the  tbody  tags in the first table in the web page however the first of these is a specific command for retrieving the  tbody  tags where the second identifies that we are retrieving  tbody  tags in a parameter and other values can be substituted to retrieve other tags. In most  browsers, the shorter and more specific variant of the code will run faster (in some instances much faster) than the second variant and so it makes sense to use the shorter and more specific version. It also makes the code easier to read and maintain. Now in many of these  cases, the actual difference in the processing time will be very small and it will only be when you add many such code choices together that you will get any noticeable difference in the time your code takes to run. It is fairly rare though that changing your code to make it run faster is going to make the code significantly longer or harder to maintain, and often the reverse will be true.There is also the added benefit that future versions of JavaScript engines may be created that speed up the more specific variant even further so that using the specific variant may mean that your code will run faster in the future without you having to change anything.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

The Four Functions of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Four Functions of Management - Essay Example Planning is the process of developing the business mission and objectives and determining how they will be accomplish (Evron, 1994). The planning function allows managers to create business strategies to determine the long term objectives of the company. This function is very important because a manager that does not adequate plan the business trajectory of a company can expose the company to business risks. Planning involves the evaluation of internal and external factors. Forecasting methods such as the Delphi method can help a manager determine the future demand of the company’s product. Based on this information a manager can plan the future equipment, labor, and inventory needs of the enterprise. The second managerial function is organizing. Organizing involves allocating and configuring resources to accomplish the goals and objectives established during the planning process (Mcnamara, 2009). The function involves determining the best organization structure to optimize the work performance of the workers. As organizations get larger the organizing function becomes more important. A lack of organization can lead to business chaos. An example of a company whose managerial staff failed to perform the organizing function adequately is Enron Corporation. A manager that organizes well the company’s resources is able to increase the work performance of the employees. The nature of a business influences the way a manager organizes an organization. The matrix organization structure is better suited for innovative companies. In business environments in which the customers expect fast results a manager can empower the employees to make their own decisions. The third managerial function is leading. Leading involves influencing people’s behavior through motivation, group dynamics, communication, and leadership (Rane, 2007). There is a direct correlation between motivation and employee performance. A

Friday, November 1, 2019

Law of Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law of Criminal Evidence - Essay Example It is logically connected to the evidence, or, conversely, lack of it .It does not involve proof to an absolute certainty; it is not clinching evidence; nor is it an fictitious or minor doubt; moreover, proof is required that the accused is guilty, and the jury also that finds the defendant to be guilty too. In R v Letenock (1917) 12 Cr. App. R. 221 the defendant claimed that he erroneously believed that the victim was about to attack him. The Court directed the jury that his inebriated state was immaterial unless his state of inebriation was so high, so as to render him oblivious of his true senses. The Court of Criminal Appeal overruled his sentence for murder and, instead, brought in a verdict of manslaughter. "However, a drunken mistake concerning provocation can still afford a defense."(Dingwall 2007. P. 137). This case may be viewed as a reversal of the facts in above R v Letenock (1917) case when the defendant claims that he was not under the influence of alcohol when he committed the offence. The fact whether he was drunk while the accident occurred, or not, is not so material in this case as the truth that he has killed a man. If what he says is true, he should be charged on a higher complicity of murder, since he claims he was in his full senses when the accident took place, as compared to manslaughter, carrying a lower sentence, if he had knocked Daljit, under the influence of alcohol. Thus, in this case the Courts shall have to consider the conduct and behaviour of the defendant when the offence took place. Criminal jurisprudence and human behaviour is a complex subject and it is only after a complete investigation of the case, that a verdict could be arrived by the Courts. It is only with the assistance of well developed and engaging process of data collection and processing that the difficulties and challenges posed by crime and misdeeds data could be substantiated and, through it, building-up of a case for positive alcohol-related criminal proceedings could be enforced. Legal dimensions: Criminal misdeeds under the influence of liquor have a statutory definition, entailing individual behavior and licensing laws. The offences on the statute book are unambiguously related to the consumption of alcohol (a series of other offences cover the area of licensing): Offences where alcohol consumption by the defendant is intrinsically related to the offence, e.g. drink driving, drunk and disorderly, aggravated drunkenness, death by careless driving, while under the inebriated influence of alcohol. "Drink driving offences alone are judged against a fixed, objective standard based on a prescribed alcohol concentration in the body. However, in law, 'alcohol-related crime' can also be defined in conjunction with a professional opinion that the offender was under the influence of alcohol at the time they committed the offence. Police officers apply this subjective standard in relation to many 'statutory' alcohol-related offences, but also do so in any case where the condition of the alleged perpetrator is deemed relevant to the case." (Tierney & Hobbs 2003). Answer to Question1 (ii) 1) Provocation: It could be interpreted as being an act undertaken on the spur of the moment which was induced by the victim's